Modeling Hidden Nodes Collisions in Wireless Sensor Networks: Analysis Approach

This paper studied both types of collisions. In this paper, we show that advocated solutions for coping with hidden node collisions are unsuitable for sensor networks. We model both types of collisions and derive closed-form formula giving the probability of hidden and visible node collisions. To reduce these collisions, we propose two solutions. The first one based on tuning the carrier sense threshold saves a substantial amount of collisions by reducing the number of hidden nodes. The second one based on adjusting the contention window size is complementary to the first one. It reduces the probability of overlapping transmissions, which reduces both collisions due to hidden and visible nodes. We validate and evaluate the performance of these solutions through simulations

Hard Templating of Symmetric and Asymmetric Carbon Thin Films with Three-Dimensionally Ordered Mesoporosity

Sacrificial colloidal crystal templating of porous carbon films of tunable thickness is demonstrated using a facile thin-film assembly and hard-template-based nanoreplication process. Convectively assembled, colloidal crystal films composed of size-tunable silica nanoparticles (ca. 10–50 nm) serve as scalable sacrificial scaffolds for the formation of thickness-tunable, structurally robust, and flexible porous carbon films. Both precursor vapor infiltration (PVI) and precursor immersion/spin-off (PIS) techniques, suitable for replication by various carbon sources (e.g., furfural/oxalic acid, phenol–formaldehyde, resorcinol–formaldehyde, sucrose), result in continuous, crack-free porous replica films. Systematic PVI-based underfilling of the template film or PIS-based complete spin-off of excess carbon replica precursor results in porous carbon films endowed with a symmetric three-dimensionally ordered mesopore (3DOm) topology uniformly distributed across the film thickness. Alternatively, by tuning the nanoparticle crystal film thickness and the degree of overfilling (PVI) or rate of spin-off of the carbon replica precursor (PIS), films bearing an asymmetric structure composed of 3DOm-supported ultrathin carbon layers can be realized. The stability of the silica templates under polymerization and carbonization conditions helps bolster mesopore robustness within the replica films, eliminating uniaxial pore shrinkage upon template sacrifice. The decoupling of the template assembly and its replication enables film formation from a wide range of carbon sources and possibly a further expanded materials palette. Realization of porous carbon films on various substrates without degradation of the mesostructure is enabled by robustness of the coating/replication process to characteristic surface roughness at scales several-fold larger than the template particle size as well as to polymer-mediated film transfer. Among various possible applications, we demonstrate how properties of the symmetric 3DOm films in particular (e.g., high surface area, large pore volume) enable their exploitation as potential low-cost alternatives to costly Pt-based electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technologies

Nanocasting of Carbon Films with Interdigitated Bimodal Three-Dimensionally Ordered Mesopores by Template-Replica Coassembly

Carbon films with interdigitated bimodal three-dimensionally ordered mesoporosity (ib3DOm) are realized by a scalable nanoreplication process that removes the common need plaguing hard-templating strategies for multistep prefabrication of porous sacrificial templates. Specifically, evaporation-induced convective codeposition of size-tunable (ca. 20–50 nm) silica nanoparticles with a surrogate molecular carbon precursor (glucose), followed by carbonization and template etching, leads to remarkably ordered, crack-free mesoporous carbon films of tunable thickness (ca. 100–1000 nm) and pore size. Association of the molecular carbon precursor with the assembling pore forming particles is found to transition the system among three distinct film morphologies (collapsed, ib3DOm C, disordered), thereby establishing a pseudophase behavior controlled by silica solids content and incipient glucose concentration. Namely, a parametric window wherein ib3DOm C films can be realized is identified, with a diffuse lower phase boundary associated with collapsing carbon films, and a more distinct order-to-disorder transition encountered at higher glucose concentrations. Mechanistic insight suggests that glucose association with the lysine–silica nanoparticle surface modulates the lattice spacing, <i>d</i>, of the periodically ordered mesopores in the coassembled films, with the onset of the order-to-disorder transition occurring at a critical normalized lattice spacing, <i>d</i>_c/<i>D</i> ∼ 1.16. This appears to apply across the phase space associated with <i>D</i> = 50 nm silica particles and to translate among other phase spaces associated with smaller particles (e.g., 30 nm). We briefly demonstrate the robustness of the codeposition process for realizing ib3DOm C films on rough FTO glass substrates and show that, in this form, these materials hold potential as low-cost alternatives to costly platinum electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Additional file 1: of Targeting FLT3 in acute myeloid leukemia using ligand-based chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells

Figure S1. Flow cytometry analysis of CD45+CD33+ leukemia cells in peripheral blood of 14 and 7 days before death of leukemia mice. Figure S2. FLT3 SFI of three cord blood CD34+ HSCs, five FLT3+ leukemia cell lines, and leukemia cells of ten AML patients were analyzed by flow cytometry. (PNG 1277 kb